48. Where a Trial Chamber has not made a particular finding, the party seeking to have the Appeals Chamber make that finding for itself must demonstrate that such a finding is the only reasonable conclusion available.[1] […]

The Appeals Chamber cited the consideration in paragraph 24 of the ^elebi}i Appeal Judgement of whether the International Tribunal should follow a decision issued by the International Court of Justice on a question of law (para. 16). It determined that there was no reason to depart from these conclusions. It further held:

17. […] No legal basis exists for suggesting that the International Tribunal must defer to the International Court of Justice such that the former would be legally bound by decisions of the latter.

18. Nonetheless, decisions of the International Court of Justice addressing general questions of international law are of the utmost significance and the International Tribunal will consider such decisions, giving due weight to their authority. However, the International Tribunal has its own competence. Thus, the International Tribunal would consider any decisions of the International Court of Justice, subject to its competence to make its own findings. As a result the International Tribunal may arrive at different conclusions, and differences in holdings may occur. This does not justify suspension of the present proceedings until the International Court of Justice has decided any matters pending before that Court.

22. Finally, the Appeals Chamber considers that it is not necessary for it to await the rendering of an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice or the issuing of a decision by the General Assembly of the United Nations before it decides on any legal or factual questions, even if these happen to be the same as questions raised in any pending case before the International Court of Justice. 

6. […] The Rules are silent on this point of whether a judgement of a Trial Chamber can amount to either “adjudicated facts” or “documentary evidence” within the province of Rule 94(B).[1] The Appeals Chamber notes that the judgement in Prosecutor v. Kordić and Cerkez is currently being appealed by both the accused and the Prosecution. Since the Appeals Chamber may in the course of that appeal revise the findings of the Trial Chamber, the Appeals Chamber thinks it unwise to assume that the facts contained in the Trial Chamber’s judgement are “adjudicated”. Only facts in a judgement, from which there has been no appeal, or as to which any appellate proceedings have concluded, can truly be deemed “adjudicated facts” within the meaning of Rule 94(B). As to Rule 94(B)’s authorisation for judicial notice of “documentary evidence” in a different set of proceedings, the Appeals Chamber believes this Rule envisioned permitting a Chamber to take judicial notice of discrete items of evidence such as the testimony of a witness or a trial exhibit, not an entire judgement.

12. […] The Appeals Chamber considers that a vague and generalised request to take notice of an entire judgement is insufficient to invoke Rule 94(B). A request must specifically point out the paragraph(s) or parts of the judgement of which it wishes judicial notice to be taken, and refer to facts, as found by the Trial Chamber. Equally, as expressed earlier with regard to the Second Josipovi} Request, an entire judgement may not be the object of judicial notice.

6. [...] The admission of evidence is in the “interests of justice” if it is relevant to a material issue, if it is credible and it is such that it would probably show that the conviction or sentence was unsafe. The Appeals Chamber has interpreted this latter criterion to mean that had the Trial Chamber had such evidence before it, it probably would have come to a different result. This is the standard we have applied in our earlier decisions and which we will apply in this case.[1]

8. The Appeals Chamber further notes that Rule 115(B)’s insistence that admission of new material be “in the interests of justice” is one that the Appeals Chamber should apply at a relatively early stage of the Appeal, that is before all the briefs have been received and argument taken place. That means in practical terms that the Appeals Chamber must give its best judgement as to the importance of the new material in light of its familiarity with the trial record at that time. This means that even after a finding that the material has satisfied the requirements of Rule 115(B) the Chamber on further consideration and in the light of briefs and arguments may decide that indeed it is not so important that it would have changed the result and requires the overturning of the verdict or the alteration of a sentence. This of course is why the word “probably” is used in defining the test of Rule 115(B). This cautionary note is included because in argument it seemed to the Appeals Chamber that some counsel assumed that because we had already stated that the new material met the “interests of justice” test, it would ensure a reversal of the verdict, if admitted. That is not true. New material will be considered alongside the material already in the trial record to see if the Trial Chamber’s judgement is sustainable by the newly enlarged record on appeal and the usual deference will be given to a Trial Chamber’s findings of fact insofar as they were based on the material before the court at the time. The job of the Appeals Chamber is thus to decide in a simulation of sorts: given the findings of the trial court made on the evidence before it (and assuming that they pass muster for if they do not the case must be reversed or sent back in any case, regardless of the new evidence) would the Trial Chamber have probably come to a different conclusion if this new evidence had been before it.

9. […] The Practice Direction on Procedure for the Filing of Written Submissions in Appeal Proceedings Before the International Tribunal (IT/155) sets out the time-limits for the filing of documents (responses and replies) before the Appeals Chamber. Where a party cannot, or does not, file its document before the expiry of the time-limit, then the filing should be accompanied by an application for an extension of time, setting out the reasons why the party filing the document could not adhere to the prescribed time-limit. If the Appeals Chamber accepts the reasons set out therein, then the Chamber will take account of the information contained within the document. If the document is filed beyond the expiry of the time-limit, and unaccompanied by an application for an extension of time, the Appeals Chamber is not required to either accept the filing or place any reliance upon it.

10. Where a document is filed after the expiry of the time-limit, without application for an extension of time, it does not follow that it will be automatically rejected. The Appeals Chamber may exercise its discretion to accept the document where the information contained therein is of particular importance or significance. Parties filing a late document must not, however, presume that their document will meet this standard. To avoid any risk of a late document not being accepted by the Appeals Chamber, an application for an extension of time should always be filed.

15. [...] The “code of conduct” referred to in the Rules is the Code of Professional Conduct for Defence Counsel Appearing Before the International Tribunal (IT/125), of which, Article 5 provides that “in providing representation to a Client, Counsel must...act with competence, skill, care, honesty and loyalty”. Article 6 provides “Counsel must represent a Client diligently in order to protect the Client’s best interests”. Consequently, defence counsel is under a duty, when representing an accused, to act with competence, skill and diligence when investigating a potential defence on behalf of an accused. The duty also applies when gathering and presenting evidence before the Tribunal. The counsel would not be required to do everything conceivably possible in performing these tasks, but would be expected to act with reasonable diligence in discharging the duty. 

28. As to the requirement that the evidence be credible, minor inconsistencies between the statements of the proposed witnesses will not render them incredible, as is suggested by the Prosecution in its response. What is important in deciding if a piece of evidence is credible is that it appears to be reasonably capable of belief or reliance.

783. Neither the Statute nor the Rules of this Tribunal expressly provide that an inference can be drawn from the failure of an accused to give evidence.  At the same time, neither do they state that silence should not “be a consideration in the determination of guilt or innocence”.[1]  Should it have been intended that such adverse consequences could result, the Appeals Chamber concludes that an express provision and warning would have been required under the Statute, setting out the appropriate safeguards.  Therefore, it finds that an absolute prohibition against consideration of silence in the determination of guilt or innocence is guaranteed within the Statute and the Rules, reflecting what is now expressly stated in the Rome Statute.  Similarly, this absolute prohibition must extend to an inference being drawn in the determination of sentence.  The Trial Chamber would have committed an error should it be shown that it relied on Mucić’s failure to give oral testimony as an aggravating factor in determining his sentence.[2]

See also paragraphs 781-782.

24. [T]his Tribunal is an autonomous international judicial body, and although the ICJ is the “principal judicial organ”[1] within the United Nations system to which the Tribunal belongs, there is no hierarchical relationship between the two courts. Although the Appeals Chamber will necessarily take into consideration other decisions of international courts, it may, after careful consideration, come to a different conclusion.

428. If […] a decision is reached to cumulatively convict for the same conduct, a Trial Chamber must consider the impact that this will have on sentencing.  In the past, before both this Tribunal and the ICTR, convictions for multiple offences have resulted in the imposition of distinct terms of imprisonment, ordered to run concurrently.[1]

429. It is within a Trial Chamber’s discretion to impose sentences which are either global, concurrent or consecutive, or a mixture of concurrent and consecutive.[2]  In terms of the final sentence imposed, however, the governing criteria is that it should reflect the totality of the culpable conduct (the 'totality’ principle),[3] or generally, that it should reflect the gravity of the offences and the culpability of the offender so that it is both just and appropriate.

430. Therefore, the overarching goal in sentencing must be to ensure that the final or aggregate sentence reflects the totality of the criminal conduct and overall culpability of the offender.  This can be achieved through either the imposition of one sentence in respect of all offences, or several sentences ordered to run concurrently, consecutively or both.  The decision as to how this should be achieved lies within the discretion of the Trial Chamber.