18. […] For a superior to incur criminal responsibility under Article 7(3), in addition to establishing beyond reasonable doubt that his subordinate is criminally responsible, the following elements must be established beyond reasonable doubt:

i) the existence of a superior-subordinate relationship;

ii) that the superior knew or had reason to know that his subordinate was about to commit a crime or had done so; and

iii) that the superior failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent his subordinate’s criminal conduct or punish his subordinate.[1]